Research Article

Mechanism-related Teratogenic, Hormone Modulant and other Toxicological effects of Veterinary and agricultural surfactants

Andras Szekacs*

Published: 09/18/2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 024-031

Summary

Veterinary and agricultural surfactants are supposed to be inert additives, yet these substances commonly exert biological side-effects, in given cases synergistic with those of the active ingredients of these preparations. This is explicitly seen in altered toxicity of veterinary or pesticide formulations compared to their active ingredients alone. Neither the individual effects of these excipients, nor such combination effects are well-studied in toxicology, and therefore, possible toxicity consequences are occasionally not being considered at sufficient significance in the authorization, use and control of these substances. Risk assessment of these substances should cover all hazards they may represent, and corresponding levels of exposure. Surfactants used in veterinary and pesticide formulation enter the environment either by direct dispersion or by indirect release through excrement, leaching, sewage waters or sludge, and in turn, create potential exposure to a number of non-target organisms. Biochemical and (eco)toxicological hazards recently identified regarding certain agricultural surfactants include cytotoxicity (on cell lines of epithelial, neural and other tissues, as well as stem cells and tumor cells), endocrine disrupting effects, as well as aquatic ecotoxicity. This Mini Review summarizes toxicological effects identified in our studies in aquatic toxicity tests, in cell viability and cytotoxicity tests, in estrogenic activity assays, correlated with biochemical analysis of the surfactants and their decomposition. The conclusions are hoped to facilitate environmentally precautious revision of surfactants widely used in agriculture.

Read Full Article HTMLDOI: 10.29328/journal.ivs.1001003Cite this Article

References

  1. Castro MJL, Ojeda C, Cirelli AF. Surfactants in Agriculture, Lichtfouse E, Schwarzbauer J & Robert D (Eds.), Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, Green Materials for Energy, Products and Depollution. 2013; 287-334.
  2. Marketsandmarkets. Agricultural Surfactants Market by Type (Anionic, Nonionic, Cationic, and Amphoteric), Applications (Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, and Others), Substrate Type (Synthetic and Bio-based), and by Region - Global Forecasts to 2020, MarketsandMarkets™ Research Private Ltd. 2016.
  3. Takács E, Klátyik Sz, Mörtl M, Gergely R, Krisztina K, et al. Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide formulations and their components on Daphnia magna-the role of active ingredients and co-formulants. Int J Envorn Anal Chem. 2017; 97: 885-900. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2oRcVU
  4. Broze G. Detergents: Technical and Practical Challenges, Broze G (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, Handbook of Detergents, Part A: Properties. 1999; 1-4.
  5. Castro MJL, Ojeda C. Advances in surfactants in agrochemicals. Environ Chem Lett. 2014; 12: 85-89. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Z15r4r
  6. Cox C, Surgan M. Unidentified inert ingredients in pesticides: implications for human and environmental health. Environ Health Persp. 2006; 114: 1803-1806. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uxy412
  7. Székács A, Darvas B. Forty Years with Glyphosate. Herbicides-Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds. 2012; 247-284. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nMTT1j
  8. Zoller U. The Survival and Distribution of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants in Surface Water and Groundwater, Zoller U (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 'Handbook of Detergents, Part B, Environmental Impact (Surfactant Science Series)'. 2004; 467-485.
  9. Kuster M, Maria López de Alda J, Barceló D. Estrogens and Progestogens in Wastewater, Sludge, Sediments, and Soil. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2005; 5: 1-24. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QNjT4K
  10. Hernandez JP, Huang W, Chapman LM, Chua S, Moore DD, et al. The environmental estrogen, nonylphenol, activates the constitutive androstane receptor. Toxicol Sci. 2007; 98: 416-426. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WGmx9S
  11. IARC. Coconut Oil Diethanolamine Condensate. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs. 2011; 101: 141-148.
  12. Fernández-Ramos C, Ballesteros O, Blanc R, Zafra-Gómez A, Jiménez-Díaz I, et al. Determination of alcohol sulfates in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2012; 98: 166-171. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DbbeFX
  13. Beneito-Cambra M, Ripoll-Seguer L, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G. Determination of fatty alcohol ethoxylates and alkylether sulfates by anionic exchange separation, derivatization with a cyclic anhydride and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2011; 1218: 8511-8518. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iSDtUU
  14. Olkowska E, Polkowska Z, Namieśnik J. Analytical procedures for the determination of surfactants in environmental samples. Talanta. 2012; 88: 1-13. Ref.: https://goo.gl/e2ip3C
  15. Bergé A, Giroud B, Wiest L, Bruno D, Adriana GO, et al. Development of a multiple-class analytical method based on the use of synthetic matrices for the simultaneous determination of commonly used commercial surfactants in wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2016; 1450: 64-75. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ijuCS9
  16. Tush D, Loftin KA, Meyer MT. Characterization of polyoxyethylene tallow amine surfactants in technical mixtures and glyphosate formulations using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2013; 1319: 80-87. Ref.: https://goo.gl/M4zaiE
  17. Tush D, Meyer MT. Polyoxyethylene tallow amine, a glyphosate formulation adjuvant: soil adsorption characteristics, degradation profile, and occurrence on selected soils from agricultural fields in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi, and Missouri. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50: 5781-5789. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ywnp1z
  18. Grant RL, Yao C, Gabaldon D, Acosta D. Evaluation of surfactant cytotoxicity potential by primary cultures of ocular tissues: I. Characterization of rabbit corneal epithelial cells and initial injury and delayed toxicity studies. Toxicol. 1992; 76: 153-176. Ref.: https://goo.gl/478MUZ
  19. Cross J, Singer EJ. Cationic Surfactants: Analytical and Biological Evaluation. CRC Press Boca Raton. 1994; 392.
  20. Domingo X. A Guide to the Surfactants World. Proa Barcelona. 1995; 286.
  21. Cavalcante DGSM, Martinez CBR, Sofia SH. Genotoxic effects of Roundup® on the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Mutat Res. 2008; 655: 41-46. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6qUuAu
  22. Benachour N, Séralini GE. Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009; 22: 97-105. Ref.: https://goo.gl/V2y7C9
  23. Paganelli A, Gnazzo V, Acosta H, López SL, Carrasco AE. Glyphosate-based herbicides produce teratogenic effects on vertebrates by impairing retinoic acid signaling. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010; 23: 1586-1595. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Dk8e9c
  24. de Menezes CC, da Fonseca MB, Loro VL, Santi A, Cattaneo R, et al. Roundup effects on oxidative stress parameters and recovery pattern of Rhamdia quelen. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011; 60: 665-671. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7Xy2iL
  25. Guilherme S, Gaivão I, Santos MA, Pacheco M. DNA damage in fish (Anguilla anguilla) exposed to a glyphosate-based herbicide–elucidation of organ-specificity and the role of oxidative stress. Mutat Res. 2012; 743: 1-9. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fLvVgK
  26. Pavlic Z, Vidakovic-Cifrek Z, Puntaric D. Toxicity of surfactant to green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus and to marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum. Chemosphere. 2005; 61: 1061-1068. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DUyccx
  27. McLeese DW, Zitko V, Sergeant DB, Burridge L, Metcalfe CD. Lethality and accumulation of alkylphenols in aquatic fauna. Chemosphere. 1981; 10: 723-730. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2FHBkd
  28. Jobling SJ, Sumpter JP. Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: an in vitro study suing rainbow trout hepatocytes. Aquat Toxicol. 1993; 27: 361-372. Ref.: https://goo.gl/d89qiT
  29. Purdom CE, Hardiman PA, Bye VVJ, Eno NC, Tyler CR, et al. Estrogenic effects from sewage treatment works. Chem Ecol. 1994; 8: 275-285. Ref.: https://goo.gl/pqm9Nj
  30. Brausch JM, Smith PN. Toxicity of three polyethoxylated tallowamine surfactant formulations to laboratory and field collected fairy shrimp, Thamnocephalus platyurus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007; 52: 217-221. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ibfSb1
  31. Relyea RA. A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia. 2009; 159: 363-376. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y5fGBG
  32. Piggott JJ, Townsend CR, Matthaei CD. Reconceptualizing synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Ecol Evol. 2015; 5: 1538-1547. Ref.: https://goo.gl/26t1C2
  33. Rulison C. Synergistic Aspects of Surfactant Mixtures. I. The Anionic Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and the Cationic Surfactant Trimethylammonium Bromide. Krüss Laboratory Services and Instrumentation for Surface Science. 2012; 1-23. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NZrmZG
  34. Azum N, Alamry KA, Khan SB, Malik Abdul Rub, Abdullah Asiri M, et al. Synergistic interaction between anionic and nonionic surfactant: Application of the mixed micelles templates for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2016; 11: 1852-1867. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8cWA8m
  35. Hay PM. Synergistic interactions of shampoo ingredients. J Amer Oil Chem Soc. 1972; 49: 343-345. Ref.: https://goo.gl/R1qqyH
  36. Shao Z, Li Y, Krishnamoorty R, Chermak T, Mitra AK. Differential effects of anionic, cationic, nonionic, and physiologic surfactants on the dissociation, alpha-chymotryptic degradation, and enteral absorption of insulin hexamers. Pharm Res. 1993; 10: 243-251. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QWHDFS
  37. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Publishing. 2004; 1-16.
  38. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Test No. 211: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test. OECD Publishing. 2012; 1-25.
  39. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO 6341. Water Quality-Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) - Acute Toxicity Test. International Organization for Standardization. 2012; 1-22.
  40. Mesnage R, Defarge N, de Vendômois JS, Séralini GE. Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 1-8. Ref.: https://goo.gl/x6PPih
  41. EPA. Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997; 1-28.
  42. Tsui MT, Chu LM. Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors.Chemosphere. 2003; 52: 1189-1197. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cbVZYT
  43. Székács A, Mörtl M, Fekete G, Ágnes F, Béla D, et al. Monitoring and biological evaluation of surface water and soil micropollutants in Hungary. Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci. 2014; 9: 47-60. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ePkhAk
  44. Klátyik SZ, Takács E, Mörtl M, et al. Dissipation of the herbicide active ingredient glyphosate in natural water samples in the presence of biofilms. Int J Envir Anal Chem. 2017; 97.
  45. Székács I, Fejes Á, Klátyik Sz, Takács E, Patkó Dániel, et al. Environmental and toxicological impacts of glyphosate with its formulating adjuvant. Int J Biol Biomol Agric Food Biotech Eng. 2014; 8: 219-224. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PbXraK
  46. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Test No. 236: Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test. OECD. 2013; 1-22.
  47. Ottucsák M, Klátyik Sz, Gyurcsó G, et al. Environmental Monitoring of Glyphosate and Assessment of its Combined Cytotoxicity with Adjuvants. Proc 21st International Symposium on Analytical and Environmental Problems. 2015; 64-67.
  48. Székács I, Horvath R, Székács A. Label-Free Optical Biosensors for Monitoring Cellular Processes and Cytotoxic Agents at Interfaces Using Guided Modes and Advanced Phase-Contrast Imaging Techniques. Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism Applications. 2016; 443-468. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qNBLLL
  49. Kotlan B, Liszkay G, Csuka O, et al. Reduced tumor-associated glycosphingolipides in cell membrane lipid rafts and a diminished proliferation rate in mammary breast carcinoma cultures after incubation with glyphosate-based formulations. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2017; in press.
  50. Defarge N, Takács E, Lozano VL, Mesnage R, Spiroux de Vendômois J, et al. Co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides disrupt aromatase activity in human cells below Toxic levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13: 1-17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2R9zdg
  51. Klátyik Sz, Bohus P, Darvas B, Székács A. Authorization and toxicity of veterinary drugs and plant protection products: residues of the active ingredients in food and feed and toxicity problems related to adjuvants. Front Vet Sci. 2017; 4: 1-21. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7krms4