Research Article

Impedance audiometry: Stapedial reflex eliciting conditions

Mojmir Lejska*

Published: 09/20/2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 060-068

Summary

The work is an attempt to create a complete system of conditions which influence genesis, existence, and response characteristics of stapedial reflex in impedance audiometry. The author divides the conditions into the internal-reflex arc integrity, temporal acoustic summation, mixed-external auditory meatus and middle ear, and internal-side of stimulation and energy content of the stimulus. The system of conditions that influence stapedial reflex is based on a criterion, that stapedial reflex depends on energy, which is percepted by the inner ear as subjective loudness. The system of conditions stated in this work is based mainly on the author’s own experiments and measurements, which are herein also documented. At the same time, these results are in accordance with data in literature as quoted. This system is not closed-it potentially may be completed using the basic criterion and further knowledge.

Read Full Article HTMLDOI: 10.29328/journal.hor.1001011Cite this Article

References

  1. Borg E. On the neuronel organization of the acoustic middle ear reflex. A physiologocal and anatomical study. Brain Res. 1973; 49; 101-123. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PNRZFm
  2. Jerger J, Northern JL. Clinical Impedance Audiometry. First Edition. Acton Massachusetts: American electromedics corporation. 1975; 226.
  3. Jerger J, Northern JL. Clinical Impedance Audiometry. Second Editon. Acton Massachusetts: American electromedics corporation. 1980; 231.
  4. Lloyd EL. Auditory Assessment of the Difficult-to-Test. Baltimore USA. The Williams and Wilkins Co. 1975.
  5. Sinělnikov RD. Atlas anatomie člověka, Praha. Avicenum. 1970; 391. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6e8gkZ
  6. Rossi G, Solero P, Rolando M. Influence of stimulus duration and intensity on acoustic reflex parameters. Acta Otolaryngol. 1985; 99: 348-352. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1r5zkW
  7. Lejska M, Lejska V, Havlík R. Změny akustického signálu ve vnějším zvukovodu u OMS (Otitis media secretorica). Otorinolaryngol. 1996; 45: 27-30.
  8. Lejska M, Havlík R, Lejska V, Bártková E. Vnitřní parametry rezonance vnějšího zvukovodu. Choroby hlavy a krku. 1997; 6: 22-24. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yuCnf8
  9. Mejzlík J, Pellant K, Pellant A. Akustika zevního zvukovodu-předpokládaný spolučinitel poškození vláskových buněk při dlouhodobé expozici hlukem. Head and Neck Disease. 1999; 7: 5-7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cXnfV3
  10. Novák A. Poruchy komunikačního procesu způsobené sluchovými vadami. Foniatrie a pedaudiologie.1994; 105. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KYJytU
  11. Pellant K, Mejzlík J, Pellant A. Determination of selected acoustic characteristics of the external auditory duct using mathematical modeling. Nationwide Congress of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000; 6: 38.
  12. Pierson LL, Gerhardt KJ, Rodriguez GP, Yanke RB. Relationship between outer ear resonance and noise induced hearing loss. Am.J.Otolaryngol. 1994; 15: 37-40. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QCuK9Z
  13. Stinson MR, Lawton BV. Specification of the geometry of the human ear canal for the prediction of sound-pressure level distribution. J Acous So Am. 1989; 85: 2492-2503. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Wo13bm
  14. Westwood GF, Bamford JM. Probe-tube microphone measurements with very young infants. Br J Audiol. 1992; 26: 143-151. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8pX1Yy
  15. Syka J, Voldřich L, Brabec F. Fyziologie a patofyziologie zraku a sluchu. Avicenum. 1981; 312. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1WLyvZ
  16. Pospíšil M, Zeman M, Lejska M. Vliv průchodnosti Eustachovy trubice na práh třmínkového reflexu u normálních jedinců a závodních plavců. Brno, Audiologie MěÚNZ, Studentská práce. 1987; 68.
  17. Lejska M, Plch J, Bystrý J. The alterations of stapedial reflex threshold caused by controlled changes of external auditory canal pressure. First European conference on audiology. British Journal of Audiology. 1992.
  18. Feldman AS. Acoustic impedance measurement of post-stapedectomized ears. Laryngoscope.1969; 79: 1132-1155. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AAy1ub
  19. Gerult G, Giesen M, Mrowiski D. Die komplexe Trommelfellimpedanz bei verschiedenen Mittelohrhörschäden. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1978; 219: 406-407. Ref.: https://goo.gl/B8VFSQ
  20. Gvelesiani TG. Akustičeskaja reflektomerija při normalnom i patologičeskom sostajanii organa slucha.
  21. Kinney SE, HuhgesGB. Otosclerosis. In: Textbook of clinical Otology. Stuttgart: G.Thieme Verlag. 1985.
  22. Koch U. The adhesive process. Part II: Research on pathogenesis (author's transl). Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1980; 59: 655-665. Ref.: https://goo.gl/B5p7XC
  23. Kollá A. Artefakty při ipsilaterálním měření akustického třmínkového reflexu. Otorinolaryngol.1997; 46: 185-187.
  24. Lehnhardt E. Praktische Audiometrie. Stuttgart: G.Thieme Verlag. 1978; 222. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mkV6Xn
  25. Lejsk M. Inversní odpověď ipsilaterálně vyvolaného třmínkového reflexu v impedanční audiometrii. Kandidátská disertační práce, Brno. 1991; 122.
  26. Moser LM. The diagnosis of conductive hearing loss by tympanometry (author's transl). Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1975; 54: 369-371. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gvS2RE
  27. Wedel von H, Pau H-W, Teglmeier W. Ein Beitrag zum „akustisch-mechanischen Effekt“ bei der ipsilateralen Stapediusreflexregistrierung. Laryng Rhinol. 1980; 59: 548-556. Ref.: https://goo.gl/skk5Kk
  28. Wurzer H, Schorn K. Impedanzmessung und Otosklerose. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1978; 57: 739-744. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UyCocW
  29. Lejska M, Plch J, Kruta V. Existence reflexní odpovědi třmínkového svalu při ipsilaterální akustické stimulaci. Čs. Otorinolaryng Foniatr. 1992; 41: 362-365.
  30. McMillan RM, Marchant CD, Sturin PA, Johnson CE. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex in infants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1985; 94: 145-148. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vH1vuc
  31. Chüden HG, Heid F. Clinical experience with ipsilateral impedance audiometry (author's transl). Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1982; 61, 399-401. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XAxY5J
  32. Butenko LN, Limar DJa, Mozor DC, Kulikova MV. Significance of the acoustic reflex of musculus stapedius during ipsilateral sonic stimulation in the diagnosis of neurosenzory hearing impairment. Vestn.Otorino-laring. 1980; 2: 61-65.
  33. Lejska M. Současný pohled na tympanometrii. In: Zborník prác z 1. pracovních dní mladých otolaryngologov. Bratislava. 1986; 74-81.
  34. Sagalovich BM, Tsukanova VN. Diagnostic implication of the ipsilateral acoustic reflex recording and artefacts in impedancmetry. Vestn. Otorino-laring. 1980; 4: 20-25.
  35. Spraque BH, Wiley TL, Goldstein R. Tympanometric and acoustic reflex studies in neonales. J Speech Hear Res. 1985; 28: 265-272. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cmEAb1
  36. Zakrisson JE. Experimental studies on the function of the stapedius muscle in man. Umea . University medical dissertations: 1974; 3: 18. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GU5K43
  37. Draskovich E, Székely T. Diagnostic value of the stapedial reflex examination by facial palsy (author's transl). HNO. 1981; 29; 222-224. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TAQFWZ
  38. Lejska M et al. Základy praktické audiologie a audiometrie. Brno. IDVZP. 1994; 171. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Y1BxXn
  39. Lejska M, Lejska V, Havlík R. Změny akustického signálu ve vnějším zvukovodu u OMS (Otitis media secretorica). Otorinolaryngol. 1996; 45: 27-30.
  40. Weidauer H, Lenarz T. Behavior of the stapedius reflex in long-term acoustic stimulation. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1982; 61: 674-677. Ref.: https://goo.gl/65yYDY
  41. Margoli RH, Levine SC. Acoustic Reflex Measures in Audiologic Evaluation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1991; 24: 329-347. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jue6Xe
  42. Butenk LM. Threshold characteristics of the acoustic reflex of the middle ear muscles during ipsilateral sound stimulation.1984; 6: 32-35.
  43. Jepsen O. Studies on the acoustic stapedius reflex in man. Measurement of the acoustic impedance of the tympanic membrane in normal individuals and in patients with peripheral facial palsy. Thesis.1955.
  44. Wurzer H. Stapediusreflex: Stapediusreflexschwelle und Recruitment. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1983; 62: 289-292. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Qbrqd8
  45. Freeman S, Zaardira S, SohmerH. Concomitant changes in the acoustic impedance and the cochlear microphonic potentials during switch contractions of the middle ear muscles in cats. Arch Otorhinolaryng. 1988; 245: 311-315. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nmMmuz
  46. Peake WT, Rosowski JJ. Impedance matching, optimum velocity and ideal middle ears. Hear Res. 1991; 53: 1-6. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g6zDpJ
  47. Lejska M, Plch J, Kruta V. Vliv délky stimulace na parametry reflexní odpovědi třmínkového svalu. Otorinolaryngol.1994; 43: 22-24.
  48. Margolis RH, Dubno JR, Wilson RH. Acousticreflex threshold for noise stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am. 1980; 68: 892-897. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JgR25E
  49. Green KW, Margolis RH. Detection of hearing loss with ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds. Audiology. 1983; 22: 471-474. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eY274g
  50. Green KW, Margolis RH. The ipsilateral acoustic reflex. Orlando USA. 1984; 276.
  51. Lejska M. Třmínkový reflex: Parametry vyvolávajícího akustického stimulu. XXXVI. pracovní den komise pro audiologii a kofochirurgii. Praha. 1996.
  52. Flottorp G, Djupesland G,Winter FO. The acoustic stapedius reflex in relation to critical bandwidth. J Acoust Soc Amer. 1971; 49: 457-458. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qvXHab
  53. Peterson J, Liden G. Some static characteristics of the stapedial muscle reflex. Audiology. 1972; 11: 97-102. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ACgBoC
  54. Zwislocki JJ. Temporal summation of loudness an analysis. J Acoust Soc Am. 1969; 46: 431-436. Ref.: https://goo.gl/muqhwG